SysInternals - RamMap - Looking at Physical Ranges of 6 Gigabytes of Ram Memory Start End Size -------------- --------------- -------------- 0x1000 0x9B000 616 K (4096 D to 39,680 D) 0x100000 0xCFFA0000 3,406,464 K (1,048,576 D to 3,489,267,712 D) 0x100000000 0x1B0000000 2,883,584 K (4,294,967,296 D to 7,247,757,312 D) ---------------------------------------------- Total 6,290,664 K 0x1000 as binary using 8-4-2-1 4-character Hex is (4 characters is 16 bits or a WORD, 2 characters or 8 bits is a BYTE, 1 character or 4 bits is a NIBBLE, or 4 bits. Each character in hex can be converted to binary using simple chart (or knowing this chart from memory). "8-4-2-1". You must know that A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, and F=15. Take each character ... and turn on the 8, 4, 2, and 1 "bits" as necessary to add up to that characters value. 0 - 9 or A - F (10 - 13). 1 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 B 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C F F A 0 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * On the programmers calculator: 9B000 - 1000 = 9A000 (In Decimal: 630,784) 630784 / 1024 = 616 K CFFA0000 - 100000 = CFEA0000 (In Decimal: 3,488,219,136) 3488219136 / 1024 = 3,406,464 K 1B0000000 - 100000000 = B0000000 (In Decimal: 2,952,790,016) 2952790016 / 1024 = 2,883,584 K